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Review
Identification of New Hydrogen States - Published - R.L. Mills, J. Lotoski, G. Zhao, K. Akhtar, Z. Chang, J. He, X. Hu, G. Wu, G. Chu, Y. Lu, Phys. Essays 24, 95 (2011); doi:10.4006/1.3544207.
Review of large body of BLP's and independents' data showing conclusively that hydrogen can form more stable states called hydrinos. Specifically, hydrino transitions were observed experimentally by the predicted catalyst excitation, continuum emission, and hot H. Similar to the case with the 21 cm (1.42 GHz) line of ordinary hydrogen, hydrino atoms were identified by its predicted 642 GHz spin-nuclear hyperfine transition observed by TeraHz absorption spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled H2 below 35K. Hydrinos react to form molecular hydrino and hydrino hydride ions that are much more stable than the ordinary variants and have characteristic predicted energies, spectra, and NMR shifts. Synthesized and naturally occurring molecular hydrino were observed by electron beam excited ro-vibrational spectral emission and proton NMR. Hydrino hydride ions were observed by proton NMR and XPS. The hydrino continua spectra directly and indirectly match significant celestial observations and the characteristics of hydrino indicate that it is the dark matter.
In this molecular modeling paper, we provide the methods and
algorithms that utilize Mills classical physics atomic and molecular
solutions in the molecular modeling software package called Millsian
2.0 designed for modeling the 3D structures, charge distribution,
and energetics of biomolecules of pharmaceutical interest. The
implementation of Millsian 2.0 was extensively tested against
the available experimental data with remarkable agreement between
Millsian predictions and experiments.
Soft X-ray Continuum Radiation from Low-Energy Pinch Discharges of Hydrogen - R. Mills, R. Booker, J. Lotoski, Y. Lu -Under a study contracted by GEN3 Partners, spectra of high current pinch discharges in pure hydrogen and helium were recorded in the EUV region at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in an attempt to reproduce experimental results published by BlackLight Power, Inc. (BLP) showing predicted continuum radiation due to hydrogen in the 10–30 nm region. Alternative explanations were considered to the claimed interpretation of the continuum radiation as being that emitted during transitions of H to lower-energy states (hydrinos). Continuum radiation was observed at CfA in the 10–30 nm region that matched BLP’s results. Considering the low energy of 5.2 J per pulse, the observed radiation in the energy range of about 120 eV to 40 eV, reference experiments and analysis of plasma gases, cryofiltration to remove contaminants, and spectra of the electrode metal, no conventional explanation was found in the prior or present work to be plausible including contaminants, electrode metal emission, and Bremsstrahlung, ion recombination, molecular or molecular ion band radiation, and instrument artifacts involving radicals and energetic ions reacting at the CCD and H2 re-radiation at the detector chamber. Moreover, predicted selective extraordinarily high-kinetic energy H was observed by the corresponding Doppler broadening of the Balmer α line.
The temporal evolution of the continuum emission supports the mechanism of H+ e- recombination to form high-density H. This transient state permits interactions amongst H's to cause the hydrino transitions and corresponding emission.
In addition to the 91.2 nm (13.6
eV) and 22.8 nm (54.4 eV) continua due to H(1/2) and H(1/3)
transitions, we report the extension of the range of q 13.6
eV continuum radiation from hydrino transitions to 10.1 nm (122.4
eV) by the observation of an additonal continuum band from
the decay of the intermedicate corresponding to the hydrino
state H(1/4). The continua spectra directly and indirectly match
significant celestial observations. Click
here for a layman PowerPoint presentation.
This paper is historic in that it reports direct proof that
hydrogen forms hydrinos having energy states below the "ground
state" using a catalyst. Thus, hydrogen can be used directly
as a new energy source. Specifically, we report the experimental
confirmation of four predictions for transitions of atomic hydrogen
to form hydrinos: pumping of the catalyst states due to energy
transfer form atomic hydrogen, extraordinary fast H due to energy
transfer from a H undergoing catalysis, H continuum radiation
at energies below the "ground state", and isolation
and identification of lower-energy hydrogen gas by NMR. These
results have profound implications theoretically, scientifically,
and technologically in that they (1) confirm GUTCP in the prediction
of hydrinos, (2) directly disprove atomic theories such as the
Schrödinger and Dirac equations based on the definition
of n=1 as the ground state, the defined state below which it
is impossible to go, (3) offer resolution to many otherwise
inexplicable celestial observations, and (4) directly demonstrate
a new field of hydrogen chemistry and a powerful new energy
source. Click
here for a layman PowerPoint presentation.
Identification of New Hydrogen States - R.L. Mills, J. Lotoski, G. Zhao, K. Akhtar, Z. Chang, J. He, X. Hu, G. Wu, G. Chu, Y. Lu - Review of large body of BLP's and independents' data showing conclusively that hydrogen can form more stable states called hydrinos.
Thermally Reversible Hydrino Catalyst
Systems as a New Power Source, Published- R.L. Mills, G. Zhao, K. Akhtar, Z. Chang, J. He, X. Hu, G. Wu, J. Lotoski, G. Chu, Int. J. Green Energy, 8 (2011), 429–473 - Using absolute water-flow calorimetry, the energy balance for representative power and regeneration reactions of four classes of hydrino catalyst systems was determined wherein the formation of hydrinos has 200 times the energy release relative to combustion. The thermal cycle of reactants to products thermally reversed to reactants in a closed system is energy neutral, and the thermal losses (~3%) and energy to replace hydrogen converted to hydrinos (2%) are small compared to the large energy released in forming hydrinos. Typical parameters measured by absolute water-flow calorimetry were 2-5 times energy gain relative to regeneration chemistry and 7 W cm-3. The predicted molecular hydrino and hydrino hydride products H2(1/4) and H-(1/4) corresponding to 50 MJ/mole H2 consumed were confirmed by the solution 1H NMR peak at 1.2 ppm and XPS peak at 11 eV, respectively. The results indicate that continuous generation of power liberated by forming hydrinos is commercially feasible using simplistic and efficient systems that concurrently maintain regeneration as part of the thermal energy balance. The published paper is available online at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15435075.2011.576287.
The design and cost estimates compared to other systems of an energy hydrino producing reactor system wherein heat from hydrino reactions within individual cells provide both the reactor power and the heat for regeneration of the reactants. These processes occur continuously over a plurality of cells in different phases of the processes. The hydrino reactions are maintained and regenerated in a batch mode using thermally-coupled multi-cells arranged in bundles wherein cells in the power-production phase of the cycle heat cells in the regeneration phase. Conservatively, assuming a conversion efficiency of 25%, the total cost with the addition of the boiler and chemical components is estimated at $1,380 per kW electric. The system applications for distributed power (1 to 10 MW electric) and central generation retrofit and green-field projects are projected to be very competitive relative to existing power sources and systems.
The hydrino reactions are maintained and regenerated continuously in each cell wherein heat from the power production phase of a thermally reversible cycle provides the energy for regeneration of the initial reactants from the products. Since the reactants undergo both modes simultaneously in each cell, the thermal power output from each cell is constant. Conservatively, assuming a conversion efficiency of 25% the total cost with the addition of the boiler and chemical components is estimated at $1064 per kW electric. The specifics of a reaction system design are presented.
