What's New

Soft X-ray Continuum Radiation from Low-Energy Pinch Discharges of Hydrogen - R. Mills, R. Booker, J. Lotoski, Y. Lu -Under a study contracted by GEN3 Partners, spectra of high current pinch discharges in pure hydrogen and helium were recorded in the EUV region at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in an attempt to reproduce experimental results published by BlackLight Power, Inc. (BLP) showing predicted continuum radiation due to hydrogen in the 10–30 nm region.  Alternative explanations were considered to the claimed interpretation of the continuum radiation as being that emitted during transitions of H to lower-energy states (hydrinos).  Continuum radiation was observed at CfA in the 10–30 nm region that matched BLP’s results.  Considering the low energy of 5.2 J per pulse, the observed radiation in the energy range of about 120 eV to 40 eV, reference experiments and analysis of plasma gases, cryofiltration to remove contaminants, and spectra of the electrode metal, no conventional explanation was found in the prior or present work to be plausible including contaminants, electrode metal emission, and Bremsstrahlung, ion recombination, molecular or molecular ion band radiation, and instrument artifacts involving radicals and energetic ions reacting at the CCD and H2 re-radiation at the detector chamber.  Moreover, predicted selective extraordinarily high-kinetic energy H was observed by the corresponding Doppler broadening of the Balmer α line.

Dr. Mills' Book "The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics" - July 2010 Edition - has been updated. Chp. 1: perfect spherical nature of the bound electron confirmed; Chp. 8: classical photon double slit mechanism confirmed; Chp 32: celestial objects older than the elapsed time of expansion confirmed; Chp 42: “quantum machine” shown to be classical.

Thermally Reversible Hydrino Catalyst Systems as a New Power Source, Published- R.L. Mills, G. Zhao, K. Akhtar, Z. Chang, J. He, X. Hu, G. Wu, J. Lotoski, G. Chu, Int. J. Green Energy, 8 (2011), 429–473.

Using absolute water-flow calorimetry, the energy balance for representative power and regeneration reactions of four classes of hydrino catalyst systems was determined wherein the formation of hydrinos has 200 times the energy release relative to combustion. The thermal cycle of reactants to products thermally reversed to reactants in a closed system is energy neutral, and the thermal losses (~3%) and energy to replace hydrogen converted to hydrinos (2%) are small compared to the large energy released in forming hydrinos. Typical parameters measured by absolute water-flow calorimetry were 2-5 times energy gain relative to regeneration chemistry and 7 W cm-3. The predicted molecular hydrino and hydrino hydride products H2(1/4) and H-(1/4) corresponding to 50 MJ/mole H2 consumed were confirmed by the solution 1H NMR peak at 1.2 ppm and XPS peak at 11 eV, respectively. The results indicate that continuous generation of power liberated by forming hydrinos is commercially feasible using simplistic and efficient systems that concurrently maintain regeneration as part of the thermal energy balance. The published paper is available online at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15435075.2011.576287.

Millsian 2.0: A Molecular Modeling Software for Structures, Charge Distributions and Energetics of Biomolecules - W. Xie, R.L. Mills, W. Good, A. Makwana, B. Holverstott, N. Hogle, Physics Essays, 24 (2011) pp. 200-212.

In this molecular modeling paper, we provide the methods and algorithms that utilize Mills classical physics atomic and molecular solutions in the molecular modeling software package called Millsian 2.0 designed for modeling the 3D structures, charge distribution, and energetics of biomolecules of pharmaceutical interest. The implementation of Millsian 2.0 was extensively tested against the available experimental data with remarkable agreement between Millsian predictions and experiments.

Dr. Mills presented “Thermally Reversible Hydrino Catalyst Systems as a New Power Source” at the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Conference on February 14, 2011, at 4:10 PM at the Gaylord National Hotel & Conference Center, 201 Waterfront Street, National Harbor, MD, in the Chesapeake 10-11 conference room. For the abstract click here. Dr. Mills' PowerPoint presentation is available for viewing.

Dr. Mills' Book "The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics" - July 2010 Edition – is now available to read via a streamed feed with no special files required to download or install.

Updated Business Presentation This is a large file which may take a while to load.

Continuous Hydrino Thermal Power System, R. L. Mills, G. Zhao, W. Good, Applied Energy, Vol. 88, (2011) 789-798.

The hydrino reactions are maintained and regenerated continuously in each cell wherein heat from the power production phase of a thermally reversible cycle provides the energy for regeneration of the initial reactants from the products.  Since the reactants undergo both modes simultaneously in each cell, the thermal power output from each cell is constant.  Conservatively, assuming a conversion efficiency of 25% the total cost with the addition of the boiler and chemical components is estimated at $1064 per kW electric.  The specifics of a reaction system design are presented.

Muonic hydrogen Lamb shift solved to within measurement error by a classical, closed-form equation having fundamental constants only. See "The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics" Chapter 2, corresponding spreadsheets, and the updated Theory Presentation Part 1: Atomic Physics.

Hydrino Continuum Transitions with Cutoffs at 22.8 nm and 10.1 nm, R. L. Mills, Y. Lu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35 (2010), pp. 8446-8456, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.098.  A published copy may be purchased at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.098

In addition to the 91.2 nm (13.6 eV) and 22.8 nm (54.4 eV) continua due to H(1/2) and H(1/3) transitions, we report the extension of the range of q 13.6 eV continuum radiation from hydrino transitions to 10.1 nm (122.4 eV) by the observation of an additional continuum band from the decay of the intermediate corresponding to the hydrino state H(1/4). The continua spectra directly and indirectly match significant celestial observations. Click here for layman PowerPoint presentation.

Thermally Reversible Hydrino Catalyst Systems as a New Power Source, R.L. Mills, G. Zhao, K. Akhtar, Z. Chang, J. He, X. Hu, G. Wu, J. Lotoski, G. Chu - Using absolute water-flow calorimetry, the energy balance for representative power and regeneration reactions of four classes of hydrino catalyst systems was determined wherein the formation of hydrinos has 200 times the energy release relative to combustion. The thermal cycle of reactants to products thermally reversed to reactants in a closed system is energy neutral, and the thermal losses (~3%) and energy to replace hydrogen converted to hydrinos (2%) are small compared to the large energy released in forming hydrinos. Typical parameters measured by absolute water-flow calorimetry were 2-5 times energy gain relative to regeneration chemistry and 7 W cm-3. The predicted molecular hydrino and hydrino hydride products H2(1/4) and H-(1/4) corresponding to 50 MJ/mole H2 consumed were confirmed by the solution 1H NMR peak at 1.2 ppm and XPS peak at 11 eV, respectively. The results indicate that continuous generation of power liberated by forming hydrinos is commercially feasible using simplistic and efficient systems that concurrently maintain regeneration as part of the thermal energy balance.

Commercializable Power Source Using Heterogeneous Hydrino Catalysts, R.L. Mills, K. Akhtar, G. Zhao, Z. Chang, J. He, X. Hu, G. Chu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, Issue 2, January 2010, pp. 395-419, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.10.038 and may be purchased at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.10.038.

This paper reports a breakthrough solid fuel comprising a catalyst, a source of hydrogen, a conductive support, and oxidation-reduction reactants that releases 200 times the energy of burning hydrogen by the formation of a prior undiscovered more stable form called "hydrino". The resulting power scaled linearly to 35kW. Proton NMR, ToF-SIMS, and XPS confirmed the product hydrinos. The solid fuel components enable the action of the catalyst by removing charge that seems to be a rate-determining step. The solid-fuel chemistry has the important feature that it's regenerable using methods such as molten-salt electrolysis. An advanced version of the solid fuel, the EuBr2 oxidant system, is very efficient at liberating energy from forming "hydrinos" and requires essentially no energy to reverse the chemical product back into the initial fuel. Regeneration was achieved simply with heat. This is enabling of continuous generation of power using simplistic and efficient systems that use heat liberated by forming "hydrinos" to concurrently maintain regeneration. This development is anticipated to result in a significant decrease in the time to commercialization.

Water Flow Calorimetry, Experimental Runs and Validation Testing for BlackLight Power Inc.
GEN3 validated energy generation by BLP solid fuels. Reported on two selected fuels regarding achieving energy gain of 2.3x and 6.8x the maximum energy potential from known chemical reactions.  Results were in agreement with those independently reported by Rowan University.  GEN3 is a leading innovation consulting company with a network of 7,000 scientists and engineers experienced at testing and developing breakthrough technologies for Fortune 100 companies.

"Released in July by Cranbury, N.J.-based Millsian, Inc., Millsian v2.0 Beta is a 3-D molecular visualization program that can calculate the physical characteristics of structures of almost any size or complexity. Chemists can use the software to build structures or import them from databases; it handles and converts between SMILES, MOL, and PDB file formats. Large imported structures such as those of proteins or DNA fragments can be edited and corrected for missing hydrogens or miscalculated bond orders. Users can further evaluate binding pockets and reactive sites in structures with the help of analytically calculated whole-molecule charge distribution profiles. In addition, they can compute dipole moments and rotational barriers for molecular conformation changes."

Theory Presentation Part 1: Atomic Physics - Updated PowerPoint

Substantial Doppler Broadening of Atomic-Hydrogen Lines in DC and Capacitively Coupled RF Plasmas, K. Akhtar, J.E. Scharer, R.L. Mills, 2009 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol. 42, Issue 13, 135207 (12pp), doi:10.1088/0022-3727/42/13/135207

Dr. Mills' Book: The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics

New topics solved since last release:
(Chp 9) Figure of analytical solutions of the excited states of helium.

(Chp 12) Figure of analytical solutions of the excited states of molecular hydrogen based on prior classical solutions released in December '08.

(Chp 15) Figures of analytical solutions of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) protein and a double-stranded DNA helix created and modeled using Millsian 2.0 showing true charge density which was not previously possible even using supercomputers.

(Chp 16) (i) bond moments of major set of functional groups that give the charge distribution within an unlimited number of molecules as well as the resulting molecular dipole moments with exemplary rendering of analytical solutions of insulin, lysozyme, and a double-stranded DNA helix using Millsian 2.0 showing true charge density which was not previously possible even using supercomputers; (ii) nature of the dipole bond which is the basis of dipole-dipole, hydrogen, and van der Waals bonding and molecular interactions; (iii) condensed matter physics based on first principles; (iv) analytical solutions of the geometrical parameters and energies of the hydrogen bond of H2O in the ice and steam phases, and of H2O and NH3; (v) analytical solutions of the geometrical parameters and interplane van der Waals cohesive energy of graphite; (vi) analytical solutions of the geometrical parameters and interatomic van der Waals cohesive energy of liquid helium and solid neon, argon, krypton, and xenon; (vii) classical theory of reaction kinetics and thermodynamics; (viii) classical transition state theory with analytical solutions that match data extraordinarily well replacing tasks that are very challenging even using supercomputers involving algorithms having many adjustable parameters; the same applies for water, graphite, and condensed noble gasses of topics (iv-vi).

Updated Molecular and Atomic Physics Summary Tables of Calculated and Experimental Values - The geometrical parameters and total bond energies of over 800 exemplary molecules from the major classes have been calculated from the functional group composition. Includes calculated and experimental values for Condensed Matter Materials, Ratios of Masses of Fundamental Particles, Electron g-factor, Excited State Lifetimes, Excited States of Helium, One- Through Twenty-Electron Atoms, the Hydrogen Molecular Ion and Hydrogen Molecule, and Diatomic and Triatomic Molecules.

Partial List of Organic Functional Groups Solved by Classical Physics

Partial List of Additional Molecules and Compositions of Matter Solved by Classical Physics

CNN's Energy Fix: "The Looming Energy Revolution" featuring BlackLight Power, Inc. may be found at
http://money.cnn.com/video/#/video/news/2008/12/11/news.energyfix.121108.cnnmoney