BlackLight Power, Inc. is the
inventor of a novel catalytic chemical process, the BlackLight
Process, of causing the latent energy stored in the hydrogen atom
to be released as a new primary energy source. This allows
the negatively charged electron that is otherwise in a stable
orbit to move closer to the naturally attracting, positively charged
nucleus to release large amounts of energy with the formation
of a prior undiscovered form of hydrogen called "hydrino".
This patented process of releasing chemical energy from hydrogen
generates power, heat, and proprietary new hydrino compounds.
BlackLight Power has developed a breakthrough in solid fuel chemistries
that are very efficient at liberating energy from forming hydrinos
and can be thermally regenerated. In principle, green power
plants can be operated continuously as power and regeneration
reactions of the fuel mixture are maintained in synchrony using
known industrial processes, and the only consumable, the hydrogen
fuel, would be obtained ultimately from water due to the enormous
net energy release relative to combustion.
Independently validated, commercial-scale
devices demonstrating means of extracting the thermal energy and
thermally regenerating the fuel have been operated in batch mode
at BlackLight and off site. BlackLight believes that results
to date indicate that with the regeneration of the solid fuel
the process will run continuously using currently available commercial
systems and eventually provide economically competitive products
in a wide range of applications including thermal, distributed,
and central power generation, and motive power. Chemistries
and engineering designs have been developed using the corresponding
experimental parameters for power and regeneration for two thermal-Rankine
systems. One comprises a multi-tube thermally interacting
bundle of cells wherein cells producing power provide heat to
those undergoing regeneration. As a system, the power output
is constant. The capital costs are projected to be about
$1400/kW electric. The other comprises an array of reactors
wherein power and regeneration chemistries occur synchronously,
and each cell outputs constant power. The capital costs
are projected to be about $1050/kW electric. A third design
called CIHT utilizes many options of tested chemistry and comprises
the direct production of electrical power from the formation of
hydrinos. The capital costs are projected to be about $25/kW
electric with no infrastructure requirements, and the system is
deployable for essentially any application at any scale.
The Company has hired external engineering firms to develop power
system prototypes and pilot plants, and intends to hire additional
firms to accelerate commercial development. BlackLight has
licensed the use of the BlackLight Process to utilities to enable
the production of heat and electricity. Arising from the
unique energetics and products of the reaction, other anticipated
commercial applications of the BlackLight Process are in lasers
and specialty chemicals.
Power from the solid fuels,
hydrinos from synthesis reactions and as a product of the solid
fuels, and spectroscopy of the formation of hydrinos and other
signatures of the BlackLight Process have been independently validated.
Additionally, the Company has over 85 peer-reviewed publications
including 14 theory publications and the reviewed book GUT-CP.
The Company continues to confirm its findings and submit its results
for peer review with the publication of ten journal articles and
three manuscripts currently under review in the past twelve months.
BlackLight’s wholly
owned subsidiary, Millsian, Inc., is dedicated to developing computational,
chemical-design technology based on solving atomic and molecular
structures using the classical laws of physics as applied in the
GUTCP. Millsian software is a molecular modeling tool built
on those solutions. Millsian 2.0 beta software, released
in July 2009, can build exact 3D structures and precisely calculate
the total bond energy and the heat of formation of almost all
organic molecules and the major classes of compounds, including
complex proteins and DNA of interest to pharmaceutical researchers.
By contrast, the majority of competitor molecular modeling software
is based on traditional quantum methods that resort to approximations
for even the simplest systems. The Company believes that
Millsian software will become an invaluable tool for conducting
research and development. Furthermore, the Millsian analytical
results which are more competitive in accuracy and acquisition
time relative to quantum-mechanical-based algorithms that rely
on approximations importantly validate the classical theory relied
on by the Company. There are currently over 2,000 users
of the Millsian software including academic and company notable
groups.
Summary
of Recent Advances
Identification of New Hydrogen States, Updated 08/13/10 - R.L. Mills, J. Lotoski, G. Zhao, K. Akhtar, Z. Chang, J. He, X. Hu, G. Wui, G. Chu, Y. Lu - Review of large body of BLP's and independent's data showing conclusively that hydrogen can form more stable states called hydrinos.
Thermally
Reversible Hydrino Catalyst Systems as a New Power Source,
R.L. Mills, G. Zhao, K. Akhtar, Z. Chang, J. He, X. Hu, G. Wu, J.
Lotoski, G. Chu Updated 05/04/10 - Using absolute water-flow calorimetry, the energy
balance for representative power and regeneration reactions of four
classes of hydrino catalyst systems was determined wherein the formation
of hydrinos has 200 times the energy release relative to combustion.
The thermal cycle of reactants to products thermally reversed to
reactants in a closed system is energy neutral, and the thermal
losses (~3%) and energy to replace hydrogen converted to hydrinos
(2%) are small compared to the large energy released in forming
hydrinos. Typical parameters measured by absolute water-flow calorimetry
were 2-5 times energy gain relative to regeneration chemistry and
7 W cm-3. The predicted molecular hydrino and hydrino hydride products
H2(1/4) and H-(1/4) corresponding to 50 MJ/mole H2 consumed were
confirmed by the solution 1H NMR peak at 1.2 ppm and XPS peak at
11 eV, respectively. The results indicate that continuous generation
of power liberated by forming hydrinos is commercially feasible
using simplistic and efficient systems that concurrently maintain
regeneration as part of the thermal energy balance.
Spectroscopic H(1/3) and H(1/4) Hydrino Continuum Transitions with Cutoffs at 22.8 nm and 10.1 nmUpdated 02/17/10 - R. L. Mills and Y. Lu - In addition to the 91.2 nm (13.6 eV) and 22.8 nm (54.4 eV) continua due to H(1/2) and H(1/3) transitions, we report the extension of the range of q 13.6 eV continuum radiation from hydrino transitions to 10.1 nm (122.4 eV) by the observation of an additional continuum band from the decay of the intermediate corresponding to the hydrino state H(1/4). The continua spectra directly and indirectly match significant celestial observations. Click here for layman PowerPoint presentation.
Commercializable
Power Source Using Heterogeneous Hydrino Catalysts, R.L.
Mills, K. Akhtar, G. Zhao, Z. Chang, J. He, X. Hu, G. Chu, Int.
J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, Issue 2, January 9, 2010, pp.
395-419, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.10.038 and may be purchased
at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.10.038.
This paper reports a breakthrough
solid fuel comprising a catalyst, a source of hydrogen, a conductive
support, and oxidation-reduction reactants that releases 200 times
the energy of burning hydrogen by the formation of a prior undiscovered
more stable form called "hydrino". The resulting power
scaled linearly to 35kW. Proton NMR, ToF-SIMS, and XPS confirmed
the product hydrinos. The solid fuel components enable the action
of the catalyst by removing charge that seems to be a rate-determining
step. The solid-fuel chemistry has the important feature that
it's regenerable using methods such as molten-salt electrolysis.
An advanced version of the solid fuel, the EuBr2 oxidant system,
is very efficient at liberating energy from forming "hydrinos"
and requires essentially no energy to reverse the chemical product
back into the initial fuel. Regeneration was achieved simply with
heat. This is enabling of continuous generation of power using
simplistic and efficient systems that use heat liberated by forming
"hydrinos" to concurrently maintain regeneration. This
development is anticipated to result in a significant decrease
in the time to commercialization.
Commercializable
Power Source from Forming New States of Hydrogen, R.L. Mills,
G. Zhao, K. Akhtar, Z. Chang, J. He, Y. Lu, W. Good, G. Chu, B.
Dhandapani - Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, Issue 2, January
2009, pp. 573-614, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.10.018 and may be
purchased at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.10.018
This paper is a decisive report
on the evidence of the formation of hydrogen in lower-energy states
than previously thought possible. The evidence includes a large
scope of analytical analysis on chemical and gas products including
liquid NMR on both that is definitive. Power measurements were
made on the systems using a solid hydrogen fuel that formed the
products for analysis to a scale of 50KW. The results indicate
that H could provide commercial power with an energy yield of
200 times that of combustion without creating pollution.
Spectroscopic
observation of helium-ion- and hydrogen-catalyzed hydrino transitions,
R. L. Mills, Y. Lu, K. Akhtar, Central European Journal of Physics,
August 2009, doi: 10.2478/s11534-009-0106-9. The original publication
is available at
http://www.springerlink.com/content/k1k4986384j3x26p/?p=38ac51b3bffa4e109733d54aee08702d&pi=3
This paper is historic in that
it reports direct proof that hydrogen forms hydrinos having energy
states below the "ground state" using a catalyst. Thus,
hydrogen can be used directly as a new energy source. Specifically,
we report the experimental confirmation of four predictions for
transitions of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos: pumping of the
catalyst states due to energy transfer form atomic hydrogen, extraordinary
fast H due to energy transfer from a H undergoing catalysis, H
continuum radiation at energies below the "ground state",
and isolation and identification of lower-energy hydrogen gas
by NMR. These results have profound implications theoretically,
scientifically, and technologically in that they (1) confirm GUTCP
in the prediction of hydrinos, (2) directly disprove atomic theories
such as the Schrödinger and Dirac equations based on the
definition of n=1 as the ground state, the defined state below
which it is impossible to go, (3) offer resolution to many otherwise
inexplicable celestial observations, and (4) directly demonstrate
a new field of hydrogen chemistry and a powerful new energy source.
Click here
for a layman PowerPoint presentation.
In this molecular modeling paper, the energies of exact classical
solutions of molecules generated by Millsian 1.0 and those from
a modern quantum mechanics-based program, Spartan's pre-computed
database use 3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets at the Hartree-Fock level
of theory, were compared to experimental values. The Millsian
results were consistently within an average relative deviation
of about 0.1% of the experimental values. In contrast, the 3-21G
and 6-31G* results deviated over a wide range of relative error,
typically being >30-150% with a large percentage of catastrophic
failures, depending on functional group type and basis set.
The
BlackLight Process
BlackLight Power, Inc. is the sole inventor
and developer of the "BlackLight Process", the patented
process of releasing chemical energy from hydrogen to form a previously
undiscovered new chemical form of hydrogen. BlackLight believes
it has solved the physical structure of electrons in atoms and
molecules, and this physics breakthrough has led to the invention
of the BlackLight Process. BlackLight's experimental results on
its process and compositions of matter are published widely and
have been replicated by independent groups.
Since certain proprietary catalysts cause the hydrogen atoms to
transition to lower-energy states by allowing their electrons
to fall to smaller radii around the nucleus with a release of
energy that is intermediate between chemical and nuclear energies,
the primary application is as a new primary energy source. Specifically,
energy is released as the electrons of hydrogen atoms are induced
by a catalyst to transition to lower-energy levels (i.e. drop
to lower base orbits around each atom's nucleus). The lower-energy
atomic hydrogen product called "hydrino" reacts with
another reactant supplied to the reaction cell to form a hydride
ion bound to the other reactant to constitute a novel proprietary
compound. Alternatively, two hydrinos react to form a very stable
hydrogen-type molecule called molecular hydrino. Thus, rather
than pollutants the byproducts may have significant advanced technology
applications based on their stability characteristics. For example,
hydrino hydride ions having extraordinary binding energies may
stabilize a cation (positively-charged ion of a battery) in an
extraordinarily high-oxidation state as the basis of a high-voltage
battery. Further, significant applications exist for the corresponding
molecular hydrino wherein the excited vibration-rotational levels
could be the basis of a UV laser that could significantly advance
photolithography and line-of-sight telecommunications. A plasma-producing
cell based on the extraordinarily energetic BlackLight Process
has also been developed that may have commercial applications
in chemical plasma processing and as a light source. BlackLight
has license agreements with companies to use its patented commercial
processes and systems in heating and electric power generation,
and is negotiating further power licenses as well licenses for
chemical and laser products.
Animations
of the Solid Fuel Reactor Process
Animation of the BlackLight Process
Detailed 3D molecular-scale animation of the BlackLight Process;
includes both atomic Li and molecular NaH catalyzed versions of
the reaction. Flash
Player required.
Diagram of the Solid Fuel Reactor
Overview of BlackLight's new solid fuel reactor cell assembly, showing
the reactor cell, heater, water cooled heat exchanger, and gas inputs
and outputs. Flash
Playerrequired.
Animation
of the BlackLight Process (2D) Animation of four steps: splitting water into its constituents,
dissociating hydrogen gas into hydrogen atoms, reacting the atoms
with the catalyst, and further disproportionation reactions. This
process generates heat, light, and a novel class of chemical compounds
called hydrino hydrides. Flash
Player required.
Theory
and Technical Presentations
Theory
Presentation Toward
the end of the 19th century, many physicists believed that all
of the principles of physics had been discovered. The accepted
principles, now called classical physics, included laws relating
to Newton's mechanics and Maxwell's Equations. However, some difficult-to-solve
and perplexing discoveries caused physicists to abandon the work
of physically and mechanistically explaining the workings of nature
at the atomic level. Rather they took an easier approach to mathematically
systematize observations adopting the philosophy of Ernst Mach,
that reality is what is perceived devoid of physical principles.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, an inequality defining the
limitations of the existence of physical reality requiring that
physical laws such as Maxwell's equations, Newton's laws, conservation
of energy and angular momentum be not obeyed, replaced the exactness
and determinism of classical physics. This approach has led to
countless nonsensical consequences that are accepted on faith
based purely on mathematics, and has ultimately proved to be a
dead-end towards unification of the fundamental forces of nature
providing a coherent, predictable understanding of nature. In
contrast, Dr. Mills has shown that physical laws that are the
foundation of our modern existence can indeed be shown to predict
nature on all scales from the building blocks of matter to the
scale of the universe itself.
The theory upon which
BlackLight's technology was developed is the classical laws of
physics. The Company recently released the finalized Grand-Unified
Theory of Classical Physics that comprehensively addresses
many of the basic problems in chemistry and physics using these
physical laws without using approximations or pure mathematics,
devoid of physics, as is the case for the incumbent atomic theory
of quantum mechanics.
The following summary slide shows with animations
are available in PDF format. These are large files which may
take a while to load.
Atomic
Physics - Updated 08/02/10
GUT-CP model of the electron and the photon, used to solve atoms
and their states and the subsequent closed-form solutions of the
fundamental experiments of atomic physics.
Molecular
Physics
The solution of the 26 parameters of hydrogen molecular ions and
molecules from two basic equations, one to calculate geometric
parameters and the other to calculate energies, and the extension
of these results to solve the majority of the important functional
groups of chemistry that serve as building blocks to give the
exact solutions of the majority of possible molecules and compositions
of matter.
Collective
Phenomena, High Energy Physics & Cosmology
Collective phenomena such as statistical thermodynamics and superconductivity;
nuclear physics; cosmological implications such as absolute space;
the origin of gravity, particle masses, and large scale dynamics
of the universe; and wave-particle duality.