BlackLight Power, Inc. is the inventor of a novel catalytic chemical process, the BlackLight Process, of causing the latent energy stored in the hydrogen atom to be released as a new primary energy source. This allows the negatively charged electron that is otherwise in a stable orbit to move closer to the naturally attracting, positively charged nucleus to release large amounts of energy with the formation of a prior undiscovered form of hydrogen called "hydrino". This patented process of releasing chemical energy from hydrogen generates power, heat, and proprietary new hydrino compounds. BlackLight Power has developed a breakthrough in solid fuel chemistries that are very efficient at liberating energy from forming hydrinos and can be thermally regenerated. In principle, green power plants can be operated continuously as power and regeneration reactions of the fuel mixture are maintained in synchrony using known industrial processes, and the only consumable, the hydrogen fuel, would be obtained ultimately from water due to the enormous net energy release relative to combustion.
Independently validated, commercial-scale devices demonstrating means of extracting the thermal energy and thermally regenerating the fuel have been operated in batch mode at BlackLight and off site. BlackLight believes that results to date indicate that with the regeneration of the solid fuel the process will run continuously using currently available commercial systems and eventually provide economically competitive products in a wide range of applications including thermal, distributed, and central power generation, and motive power. Chemistries and engineering designs have been developed using the corresponding experimental parameters for power and regeneration for two thermal-Rankine systems. One comprises a multi-tube thermally interacting bundle of cells wherein cells producing power provide heat to those undergoing regeneration. As a system, the power output is constant. The capital costs are projected to be about $1400/kW electric. The other comprises an array of reactors wherein power and regeneration chemistries occur synchronously, and each cell outputs constant power. The capital costs are projected to be about $1050/kW electric. A third design called CIHT utilizes many options of tested chemistry and comprises the direct production of electrical power from the formation of hydrinos. The capital costs are projected to be about $25/kW electric with no infrastructure requirements, and the system is deployable for essentially any application at any scale. The Company has hired external engineering firms to develop power system prototypes and pilot plants, and intends to hire additional firms to accelerate commercial development. BlackLight has licensed the use of the BlackLight Process to utilities to enable the production of heat and electricity. Arising from the unique energetics and products of the reaction, other anticipated commercial applications of the BlackLight Process are in lasers and specialty chemicals.
Power from the solid fuels, hydrinos from synthesis reactions and as a product of the solid fuels, and spectroscopy of the formation of hydrinos and other signatures of the BlackLight Process have been independently validated. Additionally, the Company has over 85 peer-reviewed publications including 14 theory publications and the reviewed book GUT-CP. The Company continues to confirm its findings and submit its results for peer review with the publication of ten journal articles and three manuscripts currently under review in the past twelve months.
BlackLight’s wholly owned subsidiary, Millsian, Inc., is dedicated to developing computational, chemical-design technology based on solving atomic and molecular structures using the classical laws of physics as applied in the GUTCP. Millsian software is a molecular modeling tool built on those solutions. Millsian 2.0 beta software, released in July 2009, can build exact 3D structures and precisely calculate the total bond energy and the heat of formation of almost all organic molecules and the major classes of compounds, including complex proteins and DNA of interest to pharmaceutical researchers. By contrast, the majority of competitor molecular modeling software is based on traditional quantum methods that resort to approximations for even the simplest systems. The Company believes that Millsian software will become an invaluable tool for conducting research and development. Furthermore, the Millsian analytical results which are more competitive in accuracy and acquisition time relative to quantum-mechanical-based algorithms that rely on approximations importantly validate the classical theory relied on by the Company. There are currently over 2,000 users of the Millsian software including academic and company notable groups.
This paper reports a breakthrough solid
fuel comprising a catalyst, a source of hydrogen, a conductive
support, and oxidation-reduction reactants that releases 200 times
the energy of burning hydrogen by the formation of a prior undiscovered
more stable form called "hydrino". The resulting power
scaled linearly to 35kW. Proton NMR, ToF-SIMS, and XPS confirmed
the product hydrinos. The solid fuel components enable the action
of the catalyst by removing charge that seems to be a rate-determining
step. The solid-fuel chemistry has the important feature that
it's regenerable using methods such as molten-salt electrolysis.
An advanced version of the solid fuel, the EuBr2 oxidant system,
is very efficient at liberating energy from forming "hydrinos"
and requires essentially no energy to reverse the chemical product
back into the initial fuel. Regeneration was achieved simply with
heat. This is enabling of continuous generation of power using
simplistic and efficient systems that use heat liberated by forming
"hydrinos" to concurrently maintain regeneration. This
development is anticipated to result in a significant decrease
in the time to commercialization.
Commercializable
Power Source from Forming New States of Hydrogen, R.L. Mills,
G. Zhao, K. Akhtar, Z. Chang, J. He, Y. Lu, W. Good, G. Chu, B.
Dhandapani - Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, Issue 2, January
2009, doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.10.018 and may be purchased at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.10.018
This paper is a decisive report on the evidence
of the formation of hydrogen in lower-energy states than previously
thought possible. The evidence includes a large scope of analytical
analysis on chemical and gas products including liquid NMR on
both that is definitive. Power measurements were made on the systems
using a solid hydrogen fuel that formed the products for analysis
to a scale of 50KW. The results indicate that H could provide
commercial power with an energy yield of 200 times that of combustion
without creating pollution.
Spectroscopic
observation of helium-ion- and hydrogen-catalyzed hydrino transitions,
R. L. Mills, Y. Lu, K. Akhtar, Central European Journal of Physics,
August 2009, doi: 10.2478/s11534-009-0106-9. The original publication
is available at
http://www.springerlink.com/content/k1k4986384j3x26p/?p=38ac51b3bffa4e109733d54aee08702d&pi=3
This paper is historic in that it reports direct
proof that hydrogen forms hydrinos having energy states below
the "ground state" using a catalyst. Thus, hydrogen
can be used directly as a new energy source. Specifically, we
report the experimental confirmation of four predictions for transitions
of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos: pumping of the catalyst states
due to energy transfer form atomic hydrogen, extraordinary fast
H due to energy transfer from a H undergoing catalysis, H continuum
radiation at energies below the "ground state", and
isolation and identification of lower-energy hydrogen gas by NMR.
These results have profound implications theoretically, scientifically,
and technologically in that they (1) confirm GUTCP in the prediction
of hydrinos, (2) directly disprove atomic theories such as the
Schrödinger and Dirac equations based on the definition of
n=1 as the ground state, the defined state below which it is impossible
to go, (3) offer resolution to many otherwise inexplicable celestial
observations, and (4) directly demonstrate a new field of hydrogen
chemistry and a powerful new energy source. Click
here for a layman PowerPoint presentation.
In this molecular modeling paper, the energies of exact classical
solutions of molecules generated by Millsian 1.0 and those from
a modern quantum mechanics-based program, Spartan's pre-computed
database use 3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets at the Hartree-Fock level
of theory, were compared to experimental values. The Millsian results
were consistently within an average relative deviation of about
0.1% of the experimental values. In contrast, the 3-21G and 6-31G*
results deviated over a wide range of relative error, typically
being >30-150% with a large percentage of catastrophic failures,
depending on functional group type and basis set.
The
BlackLight Process
BlackLight Power, Inc.
is the sole inventor and developer of the "BlackLight Process",
the patented process of releasing chemical energy from hydrogen
to form a previously undiscovered new chemical form of hydrogen.
BlackLight believes it has solved the physical structure of electrons
in atoms and molecules, and this physics breakthrough has led to
the invention of the BlackLight Process. BlackLight's experimental
results on its process and compositions of matter are published
widely and have been replicated by independent groups.
Since certain proprietary catalysts cause the hydrogen atoms to
transition to lower-energy states by allowing their electrons to
fall to smaller radii around the nucleus with a release of energy
that is intermediate between chemical and nuclear energies, the
primary application is as a new primary energy source. Specifically,
energy is released as the electrons of hydrogen atoms are induced
by a catalyst to transition to lower-energy levels (i.e. drop to
lower base orbits around each atom's nucleus). The lower-energy
atomic hydrogen product called "hydrino" reacts with another
reactant supplied to the reaction cell to form a hydride ion bound
to the other reactant to constitute a novel proprietary compound.
Alternatively, two hydrinos react to form a very stable hydrogen-type
molecule called molecular hydrino. Thus, rather than pollutants
the byproducts may have significant advanced technology applications
based on their stability characteristics. For example, hydrino hydride
ions having extraordinary binding energies may stabilize a cation
(positively-charged ion of a battery) in an extraordinarily high-oxidation
state as the basis of a high-voltage battery. Further, significant
applications exist for the corresponding molecular hydrino wherein
the excited vibration-rotational levels could be the basis of a
UV laser that could significantly advance photolithography and line-of-sight
telecommunications. A plasma-producing cell based on the extraordinarily
energetic BlackLight Process has also been developed that may have
commercial applications in chemical plasma processing and as a light
source. BlackLight has license agreements with companies to use
its patented commercial processes and systems in heating and electric
power generation, and is negotiating further power licenses as well
licenses for chemical and laser products.
Animations
of the Solid Fuel Reactor Process
Animation of the BlackLight Process
Detailed 3D molecular-scale animation of the BlackLight Process;
includes both atomic Li and molecular NaH catalyzed versions of
the reaction. Flash
Player required.
Diagram of the Solid Fuel Reactor
Overview of BlackLight's new solid fuel reactor cell assembly, showing
the reactor cell, heater, water cooled heat exchanger, and gas inputs
and outputs. Flash
Playerrequired.
Animation
of the BlackLight Process (2D) Animation of four steps: splitting water into its constituents,
dissociating hydrogen gas into hydrogen atoms, reacting the atoms
with the catalyst, and further disproportionation reactions. This
process generates heat, light, and a novel class of chemical compounds
called hydrino hydrides. Flash
Player required.
Theory
and Technical Presentations
Theory
Presentation Toward
the end of the 19th century, many physicists believed that all
of the principles of physics had been discovered. The accepted
principles, now called classical physics, included laws relating
to Newton's mechanics and Maxwell's Equations. However, some difficult-to-solve
and perplexing discoveries caused physicists to abandon the work
of physically and mechanistically explaining the workings of nature
at the atomic level. Rather they took an easier approach to mathematically
systematize observations adopting the philosophy of Ernst Mach,
that reality is what is perceived devoid of physical principles.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, an inequality defining the
limitations of the existence of physical reality requiring that
physical laws such as Maxwell's equations, Newton's laws, conservation
of energy and angular momentum be not obeyed, replaced the exactness
and determinism of classical physics. This approach has led to
countless nonsensical consequences that are accepted on faith
based purely on mathematics, and has ultimately proved to be a
dead-end towards unification of the fundamental forces of nature
providing a coherent, predictable understanding of nature. In
contrast, Dr. Mills has shown that physical laws that are the
foundation of our modern existence can indeed be shown to predict
nature on all scales from the building blocks of matter to the
scale of the universe itself.
The theory upon which BlackLight's technology
was developed is the classical laws of physics. The Company recently
released the finalized Grand-Unified
Theory of Classical Physics that comprehensively addresses
many of the basic problems in chemistry and physics using these
physical laws without using approximations or pure mathematics,
devoid of physics, as is the case for the incumbent atomic theory
of quantum mechanics.
The following summary slide shows with animations
are available in PDF format. These are large files which may
take a while to load.
Atomic
Physics - Updated 09/09/09
GUT-CP model of the electron and the photon, used to solve atoms
and their states and the subsequent closed-form solutions of the
fundamental experiments of atomic physics.
Molecular
Physics
The solution of the 26 parameters of hydrogen molecular ions and
molecules from two basic equations, one to calculate geometric
parameters and the other to calculate energies, and the extension
of these results to solve the majority of the important functional
groups of chemistry that serve as building blocks to give the
exact solutions of the majority of possible molecules and compositions
of matter.
Collective
Phenomena, High Energy Physics & Cosmology
Collective phenomena such as statistical thermodynamics and superconductivity;
nuclear physics; cosmological implications such as absolute space;
the origin of gravity, particle masses, and large scale dynamics
of the universe; and wave-particle duality.